Preface: Virtual Water
Mahdi
Zarghami
author
text
article
2013
per
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
0
1
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_16025_6c8b59913d61be8d8dcdbafd6ade6779.pdf
Climate Change Detection and Green House Gases Attribution to it Using AOGCMs Models and Two-Dimensional Normal Distribution (Case Study; Large Karoon River Basin)
N
Zohrabi
Assistant Professor, Irrigation and Drainage Dept., Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khouzestan, Ahvaz,Iran
author
A.R
Massahbavani
Assistant Professor, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Dept.,College of Aburaiyhan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
author
A
Telvari
Assistant Professor,Civil Engineering Dept., Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz branch, Ahvaz ,Iran
author
H
Sedghi
Professor, Water and Sciences Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran,Iran
author
text
article
2013
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In most climate change studies, the first step is to detect climate change and to attribute the causes. In this study we attempt firstly to detect the trends of temperature and precipitation of Large Karoon basin in and secondly discover the main cause(s) of the detected trends (e.g. trends due to internal forcing or greenhouse gasses). Then the range of variability due to internal forcing such as interactions between each elements of climate system (e.g. atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere and …). The temperature and precipitation of control runs of two different AOGCMs (HadCM3 and CGCM3) were extracted from IPCC website that contains 1000-year of monthly data. Based on these data, the range of internal variability of temperature and precipitation of the basin were calculated using two-dimensional normal distribution. Results showed that, with 95% confidence the temperature anomaly of the basin is less than 1.5oc and the precipitation anomaly is less than 70%. The range of internal variability was compared with the observed temperature and precipitation analomies of Karoon basin in past periods. The results showed that for the past 50 years, the trend of temperature is positive and the trend of precipitation is negative. On the other hand the recent years are located outside the range of internal variability which means the impact of climate change on Karoon basin is meaningful for these years.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
1
8
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17517_891e3c89cf7700b0686442f888cc3623.pdf
Evaluation and optimization of raingauge network based on probability kriging (case study: Gorgan-Rud watershed)
M
Shafiei
PhD student, Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
author
B
Ghahraman
Professor, Department of Water Engineering, College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Mashhad, Iran.
author
B
Saghafian
Professor, Technical and Engineering Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2013
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Rainfall is a key factor for water resources management. Raingauge networks with accurate measurement and appropriate density are required for the estimation of the rainfall in ungauged sites in watersheds. This study aimed at assessing a method based on kriging and normal probability distribution function for evaluating raingauge network in GorganRud watershed (114000 km2). The concept is based on criterion that named percentage of the total area with acceptable accuracy (Ap). Spatial variability of annual rainfall is analyzed using dimensionless variogram then using a sequential algorithm 33 raingauges in the network is evaluated. Results showed the base network for annual rainfall comprises 21 gauges and 12 remaining gauges have little contribution to estimate areal rainfall in the watershed. After optimization the non-based raingauges reduced to 7 gauges and will be more effective to estimate areal rainfall in whole of watershed. Furthermore, Results showed that simplifying and using GIS software by developing a toolbox will make it easier for evaluating a raingauge network.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
9
18
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17518_6b4f6b19fafa2c49de46679baf1b311a.pdf
The Effects and Consequences of Climatic Drought on Time Delay and the Change in Water Discharge of Springs and Qanats
(Case study : Yazd –Ardakan Plain)
M
Ekrami
MSC., Watershed Management Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
M.R
Ekhtesasi
Associate prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran,
author
H
Malekinezhad
Associate prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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text
article
2013
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Drought is a natural event its impacts are more sever in arid and semiarid regions. Water resources are the first area being affected by the drought Therefore it is important to do researches and investigations in this field, and to explore the delay between climatic and hydrologic drought in order to achieve better management on ground- and surface-water resources and to reduce drought damages or in other words to manage the drought risks. In this study by examining the consecutive periods of climatic and hydrological drought using two drought indices of SPI and GRI in Yazd - Ardakan plain, central Iran, the delay time between climatic and hydrological drought were identified. For studying the characteristics of climatic and hydrological drought, long-term data (1980-2010) is used from rain-gauge stations and from discharge stations for the Qanats in plain, in hillslopes, and mountains as well as recent data for springs in the area (2001-2010). Results showed an increase in drought intensity and persistence of climatic and hydrological drought, particularly in recent decades such that the climatic drought in recent decades occurred in a frequency 4 times of that in the past four decades. The results also indicated the existence of different time delays between the climatic drought and its impact on discharge of plain, hillslopes, and mountains Qanats and springs. So that the delay in the mountainous Qanats, depending on the severity of the drought and the type of Qanat, usually is less than 1 year. This is less than 2 years for the Qanats in the plain. The results of this study warn about 2-year Crisis Management after each period of drought in Yazd Plain
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
19
26
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17521_aea22cdc8f84f2e40a5f941a5c75282d.pdf
A Comparison of Delineation Methods for Wellhead Protection Area Case Study: Drinking Wells of Hamedan City
B
Delkhahi
M.Sc in Hydrogeology, Tehran Regional Water Company, Tehran, Iran
author
K
Khodaei
Research Instructor, Research Institute of Applied Science, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran,Iran
author
F
Asadian
Research Instructor, Research Institute of Applied Science, Shahid Beheshti University,Tehran,Iran.
author
text
article
2013
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Well Head Protection (WHP) area, is a surface or subsurface area around a well which supplies extracted water from a well and therefore the pollutants entering the groundwater in this area would finally pump out from the well. In this study while introducing calculated fixed radious (CFR) method for determining WHP area of a single well, other conventional methods like analytical methods (Wyssling and KLF) and numerical models are also compared using nine pumping wells suppling drinking water for Hamedan city, Iran. The results indicated that by increasing the time of travel (increasing distance from a well), calculated fixed radious and analytical methods would lose their accuracy compared to the numerical modeling. CFR calculated values indicated under-protection on the upgradient side and over-protection on the downgradient side of a well head protection area. Moreover, in spite of the fact that the protection areas which calculated by KLF and Wyssling analytical methods, compared to the fixed radius method, are covering further area compared to the calculated protection area by numerical models, the narrow extended shape showed that the results does not cover considerable lateral distances of calculated protection area. Generally, the numerical models are the most accurate methods to draw well head protection area. In case of insufficient data, time, fund, and knowledge, however applying simpler methods like calculated fixed radius method and analytical methods would also lead to acceptable results.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
27
41
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17522_3075a681e7d69e81b54c7190820a9a42.pdf
Impact of the Groundwater Drawdown on The Instability and Deterioration of Water Well Screens
M.R
Ghafouri
M.sc.in Hydrogeology, Shahrood University, Iran
author
A
Shamohammadi
Msc in Engineering Geology, Sazeh Pardazi Iran Consulting Engineering Co, Tehran, Iran.
author
G.A
Kazemi
Ph.D in Hydrogeology, Shahrood University of Technology, Dep of Geosciences, Shahrood, Iran
author
K
Moradi Harsini
Ph.D in Engineering Geology, Sazeh Pardazi Iran Consulting Engineering Co, Tehran, Iran
author
H
Sharafi
M.sc. in Economic Geology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2013
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Vertical effective stress (σ'V) as well as horizontal effective stress (σ'h) are increased when groundwater levels declines. This in turn increases the stresses on the water well casings and screens resulted in deteriorated and ruptured casing/screens. In this research, the impact of water level drawdown on the increasing stresses on the water well casings is investigated. By studying yield strength of casings and screens, and the stresses imposed by the aquifer materials on them, it has been found that the stresses gradually increases during water table drawdown. Critical drawdowns can even destroy and break the casings/screens. The effect of diameter, thickness, and the slot specifications of the screens on their strength has also been assessed in this study. Based on the results, it is a worthwhile practice to use small diameter, thick casings/screens, with large number of slots, and thick filter packs for the problematic plains; plains with a high rate of well destructions.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
42
51
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17523_d4d406910141db50c205118dfc94a206.pdf
Experimental Investigation of Scour Pattern around Submerged T-Shape Spur Dike in Straight Channel
S. M
Noorbakhsh Saleh
M.Sc Student of Water Engineering, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, Iran
author
M
Vaghefi
Assistant Professor of Hydraulic Structures, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
author
M
Ghodsian
Professor of Hydraulic, Tarbiat-Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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text
article
2013
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Spur dikes are used for preventing river banks’ erosions. Spur dike causes variations in flow field, sediment transport and bed topography.In this paper the topography of bed and flow pattern around of submergesT shape spur dike in direct channel was assessed. Experiments were conducted in rectangular flume having 0.6 m width, 0.7 m height. The variations of parameters like the length of the spur dike and its wing, depth of submergeand Froude number on dimensions of scour around T shaped spur dike and the bed’s topography were studied. The results show that by increasing the Froude number and length of spur dike the amount of scour increases. Also with increasing the depth of submergence in a limited area, at first amount of scour and extension dune, increases and then decreases. Analysis of results relevant toscour pattern in cross and longitudinal sections, and different plans are among other points introduced in this paper
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
52
63
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17525_db40ab3ad23c2ceb2ec1e11932f96d57.pdf
Laboratorial Investigation of Effect of Plan Shape and Profile Curvature on Variations of Surface Flow In Complex Hillslopes
M
Geranian
MSc. Graduated, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
N
Amanian
Assist. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
A
Talebi
Assoc. Prof., Faculty of Natural Resources, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
author
M.R
Hadian
Assist. Prof., Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
M
Zeini
Instructor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
author
text
article
2013
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Hillslope shape is one of the most important parameters that affects the runoff quantity. Determining the effects of this parameter on environmental management and runoff and sediment control is important. Due to the lack of sufficient data and knowledge on these data, most of the structures made for the control of runoff and erosion are not designed properly, mostly overdesigned. A laboratory research is conduced to investigate the relation between profile shape considering the width of the hillslope (divergence, parallel, and convergence) and longitudinal profile of the hillslope (concave, straight, and convex). The Evens geometrical model of the hillslope was made in laboratory that involved the topographical effects of hillslope (i.e. plan shape and concavity of hillslope profile). By considering the three cases of hillslope plan and three cases of profile, nine different shapes were achieved. Varying these parameters in the model, different maximum discharge and time of concentration in the hillslopes would be obtained. Based on the results, plan shape affected the time of concentration more than slope profile, so that the time of concentration in convergent hillslopes is more than divergent hillslopes.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
64
72
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17526_945074db3b1b231751b9c5aacb3110de.pdf
Modeling of Continuous Daily Runoff of Karoon River using SMA Loss Function
M.R
Ghafouri
Msc in Hydrogeology, Shahrood University, Shahrood, Iran.
author
H
Taheri Shahraiyni
Assistant Professor, Faculty of Civil Eng., Shahrood University, Shahrood, Iran.
author
B
Saghafian
Professor, Technical and Engineering Department, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
author
text
article
2013
per
In this study, HEC-HMS with its continuous loss function module (SMA: Soil Moisture Account) has been applied for the daily runoff modeling in the Pol-e-Shaloo hydrometric station on Karoon river. The daily runoff data from Iranian water year of 1370-1371 to 1374-1375 (1991.Sep.24 to 1996. Sep.23) were utilized as calibration data and the model verification has been performed using the daily data from 1375-1376 to 1377-1378 (1996.Sep.24 to 1999. Sep.23). Model verification exhibited appropriate consistency between the observation and simulation data (R2=0.82). The percent of total volume error (PTVE) values, Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient, and root mean square error (RMSE) of developed model were 11.3 %, 0.82 and 151 cms, respectively. Comparison between the results of this study and other similar studies demonstrated the ability of HEC-HMS with SMA module for the continuous modeling of daily runoff in the Karoon basin
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
73
77
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17527_f38fd1d22bbf12623c5d1bddebc6eb56.pdf
Step-by-Step Leakage Detection in Water Distribution Systems Based on Nodal Pressure Calibration using Genetic Algorithm
A
Nasirian
Ph.D. Student of Civil Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad –Iran
author
M.F
Maghrebi
Professor of Civil Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad- Iran
author
S
Yazdani
Graduated From Tabriz University, Senior of Hydraulic Engineering, Tabriz- Iran
author
text
article
2013
per
The leakage is one of the most important issues in Water Distribution Systems (WDS) which imposes huge costs to water industries. Current methods detecting leakages are costly, time consuming, and labor intensive. New methods have recently been considered based on calibrating nodal pressures. Modeling and calibrating the nodal pressure using genetic algorithm is one of these methods which unfortunately is not yet accurate enough to be applied widely on real networks and more investigations is needed in this regard. In this paper, a new approach is developed which detects and eliminate the nodes with no leakage among unknown demand nodes step-by-step. In this method, an ordinary calibration was accomplished. Some nodes with no leakages are then eliminated from the set of leaky nodes and the network was calibrated again. Several iteration of this process have shown a good improvement in the leakage detection in WDS.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
78
83
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17528_34bf159f847e1b0ce2407f8b66a67b5e.pdf
Trend Analysis of Sediment Yields in Relation with Annual Precipitation and Discharge in the Main Tributaries of the Tireh River, Lorestan Province, Iran
M
Mardian
Ph.d.Student of Watershed Management Engineering, Sari University of Agriculture Sciences and Natural Resources, Arak, Iran
author
V
B. Sheikh
Associate Professor., Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
A
Najafinejad
Associate Professor., Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
author
J
Varvani
Assistant Prof., Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
author
text
article
2013
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Human activities and climate change have dramatically affected discharge and sediment regime of the rivers in the past half century. Detection of these changes in time series is usually carried out using trend analysis tests. Literature review indicated that there is little information on the sediment discharge trends across the Iran. Therefore, in this research the sediment yield trend in the main tributaries of the Tireh River in the Lorestan province and its likely relationship with variation in annual time series of precipitation and discharge have been investigated during the period of 1975 through 2004. To this end, the parametric test of simple linear regression and the non-parametric test of Mann-Kendall have been applied on hydro-climatological timeseries of the study area using the R statistical package (Version 2.6.0.). The results of both tests indicated that despite no significant decreasing trend in the main tributaries of the Tireh River basin, a significant decreasing trend has been observed in the outlet of whole basin for both discharge and sediment yield. However, no significant decreasing trend for the annual precipitation of the basin has been observed and no major dam or reservoirs have been constructed within the basin. Therefore, other factors were considered which may have influenced the discharge and sediment yield regime of the basin. It appeared that expansions of the agricultural lands, decline in the water table which in turn increase the initial abstraction and recharge rate of hydrologic components, as well as the implementation of bio-mechanical soil and water conservation practices on hillslopes and check dams across the headwater courses are the main causes of decreasing trends of discharge and sediment yield in the Tireh River basin of the Lorestan province.
Iran-Water Resources Research
Iranian Water Resources Association
1735-2347
9
v.
2
no.
2013
84
87
https://www.iwrr.ir/article_17529_d8144ffdf38efea5d5a07d45ea8fb125.pdf