تحلیل سیستمی آسیب پذیری دشت سیستان به کاهش منابع آب - ارائه ی گزینه های سیاستی با رویکرد برگشت پذیری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری /مهندسی منابع آب دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

2 استادیار /گروه مهندسی منابع آب دانشگاه تربیت مدرس

چکیده

دشت سیستان واقع در حوضه آبریز رودخانه هیرمند به عنوان تنها منبع آب موثر در این دشت، از وابسته‌ترین نواحی کشور به منابع آب‌های مرزی است. علی‌رغم مطالعات انجام شده به منظور تقویت مدیریت منابع آب در این محدوده، بخصوص با رویکرد تامین آب، مشاهدات حاکی از  ناپایداری  این ناحیه و آسیب‌پذیری شدید در اثر نوسانات آورد رودخانه هیرمند است. به منظور تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری دشت سیستان به کاهش منابع آب، مقاله پیش‌رو چارچوب آسیب‌پذیری فوزل را به کار می‌گیرد. بر اساس چارچوب مزبور ابتدا مشخصه‌های نگرانی باید مشخص شوند.  بدین ترتیب متغیرهای سرانه تولید ناخالص داخلی دشت سیستان و جمعیت ساکن در آن را معرف مؤلفه اقتصادی- اجتماعی  و حجم آب تالاب هامون را به عنوان مؤلفه بیوفیزیکی سیستم آسیب‌پذیر در نظر می‌گیرد. سپس  به منظور کاهش آسیب‌پذیری سیستم تحت مطالعه، رویکرد برگشت‌پذیری گذار را، که با تغییرات خودسازمان‌یافته دشت سیستان قابل انطباق است، پیشنهاد می‌دهد. این ناحیه به سوی افزایش سازگاری در برابر کاهش منابع آب از طریق کاهش فعالیت کشاورزی و جایگزینی آن با مشاغل کمتر وابسته به آب ولی در عین حال سازگار با ملاحظات امنیتی، در حال حرکت است. در این راستا، و به دنبال برگرداندن سطح رفاه اقتصادی به دشت سیستان در شرایط کم آبی، تحقیق پیش‌رو به دنبال آنست که چگونه می‌توان ساختار اقتصاد محلی را به گونه‌ای تغییرداد که سطح رفاه به وضعیت پرآبی برگردد. بدین ترتیب با اجرای یک مدل سیستم دینامیکی تحت دو مقدار حدی بالا و پایین از آورد سالانه رودخانه هیرمند به دشت سیستان، 3000 تا 5000 میلیون مترمکعب، پنج سطح از مقادیر مشخصه‌های نگرانی، تحت ساختار آسیب‌پذیری سابق، به عنوان سطوح برگشت‌پذیری مرجع تعریف شد. با اجرای مدل تحت پنج آورد منتسب به سطوح برگشت‌پذیری مرجع تا سال 1430 مقادیر مشخصه‌های نگرانی هریک از سطوح مشخص گردید. سپس با در نظر گرفتن عدد 700 میلیون مترمکعب (متوسط مقادیر آورد کمتر از میانگین مشاهداتی آورد رودخانه هیرمند به دشت سیستان (بین سال‌های 1971 تا 2001) به عنوان مقدار بحرانی ، و اجرای مدل تحت آن مقدار  به همراه تغییر پارامترهای ساختار آسیب‌پذیری، مقادیر متناظر میزان بهره‌وری آب مورد نیاز و سقف آب مصرفی در دشت سیستان برای رساندن مقادیر مشخصه‌های نگرانی به مقادیر آنها در هریک از سطوح برگشت‌پذیری مرجع، تحت عنوان گزینه سیاستی با رویکرد برگشت‌پذیری ارائه شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که گزینه سیاستی توانایی نسبتا بالایی در رساندن دو مشخصه نگرانی جمعیت ساکن و متوسط سالانه سرانه تولید ناخالص داخلی در دشت سیستان تحت مخاطره کم آبی به مقادیر متناظر آنها در هریک از سطوح مرجع پنجگانه دارد. به نحوی که با افزایش بهره‌وری متوسط آب در منطقه به میزان 56000 ریال (به قیمت پایه سال 1390) به ازای هر مترمکعب آب و محدود کردن سقف تخصیص سالانه‌ی آب به کاربری‌های اقتصادی به میزان 240 میلیون مترمکعب، می‌توان به اسکان جمعیت 1 میلیون نفر با متوسط سالانه سرانه تولید ناخالص داخلی 16 میلیون ریال (به قیمت پایه سال 1390) به ازای هر نفر تا سال 1430 امیدوار بود. اما نتایج مربوط به متوسط سالانه حجم آب دریاچه هامون حکایت از آن دارد که حجم آب این دریاچه قابل برگشت به حالت پرآبی نخواهد بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Systemic Analysis of Vulnerability of the Sistan Plain to Water Scarcity - Experiencing Policy Options Based on the Resilience Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • M.R. Shahbazbegian 1
  • A. Bagheri 2
1 PhD. Student, Department of Water Resources Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
2 Assistant Professor,Department of Water Resources Engineering, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

 
Sistan plain is located in Hirmand River delta which is the only source of water for the plain. The plain has therefore the highest level of dependency on transboundary water resources in national scale. In spite of many studies – mostly focusing on supply side management practices - the observations are implying unsustainability and vulnerability of the area to the Hirmand river discharge variations. Analyzing the Sistan plain vulnerability to water scarcity, the paper adopts the vulnerability framework developed by Fussel. To apply the framework, the system attributes of concern in terms of socio-economic and biophysical features need to be determined. Thus, the value added and total population were considered to represent the socio-economic features of the vulnerable system and the water reservoir associated to Lake Hamoun was considered as the biophysical feature. Then, in order to reduce the system vulnerability to water scarcity, this study suggested applying the theory of transition resilience which is in line with the real local conditions towards self-organized changes in the area. The economic local condition is transforming from purely agricultural towards activities with less dependency on water which is, somehow, an adaptation to the water scarcity conditions. In this way, the paper seeked for economic changes to bring the local welfare in the water scarcity conditions back to that associated to the water abundant conditions. Therefore, five resilience levels have been defined as the reference levels for the system associated to the input annual water discharge to the area between 3000 to 5000 MCM. A system dymamic model was applied to determine the values associated to the system attributes of concern according to the five levels of the system resilience until 2050. Then, necessary changes were introduced to the system to satisfy the reference resilience levels under the condition that the river annual input discharge would decrease to 700 MCM (90 percent of Iran’s water right from Hirmand River). The values of local water productivity and also the total volume of allocated water to economic uses necessary to satisfy the reference resilience levels were represented in terms of two curves. For instance, to bring the system into an equilibrium condition the model outputs suggested that increasing water productivity to 56000 Rial per Cubic meter (according to the base price of 2011) with 240 MCM of maximum water volume supplly will lead to residence of 1 million inhabitants with 16 million IRR annual income per capita (according to the base price of 2011) till 2050. However, the water reservoir in Lake Hamoun would never get back to its initial condition.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Sistan plain
  • vulnerability
  • Resilience
  • System thinking
  • System dynamics modelling
 
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